Sensed but Not Told: Hidden Physiological Adaptation Shapes LLM Persuasion

Wearable sensors, including those embedded in VR headsets, can provide LLM-based chatbots with physiological signals that users do not explicitly communicate. We tested whether such hidden input changes persuasion. In a 2times2 within-subjects study (N=24), a chatbot argued against participants' self-selected opinions with or without turn-level heart-rate and pupil-diameter features; sensing was disclosed halfway through the study. Before disclosure, sensing increased perceived persuasiveness by 1.42 points. Across the study, sensing was associated with a 0.57-point greater shift toward the chatbot's position and 3.20 times the odds of any movement toward it. Persuasiveness ratings were lower after disclosure, although disclosure was confounded with session order. Dialogue logs suggested a more declarative interaction style when sensing was on: chatbot replies contained question marks less often, and conversations contained fewer turns. These findings motivate making biosignal-driven adaptation inspectable and providing a genuinely non-sensed mode.